On the determinants of anti-COVID restriction and anti-vaccine movements: the case of IoApro in Italy.

Following restrictions to control the spread of COVID-19, and subsequent vaccination campaigns, sentiments against such policies were quick to arise. While individual-level determinants that led to such attitudes have drawn much attention, there are also reasons to believe that the macro context in which these movements arose may contribute to their evolution. In this study, exploiting data on business activities which supported a major Italian anti-restriction and anti-vaccine movement, IoApro, using quantitative analysis that employs both a fractional response probit and logit model and a beta regression model, we investigate the relationship between socio-economic characteristics, institutional quality, and the flourishing of this movement. Our results suggest a U-shaped relationship between income and the proliferation of the movement, meaning that support for these movements increases the greater the degree of economic decline. Our results further indicate that the share of the population between 40 and 60 years old is positively related to support for such movements, as is institutional corruption.

Vacinas e desinformação: uma análise de conteúdo sobre fake newsapuradas por plataformas de debunkingem redes sociais / Vaccines and disinformation: a content analysis on fake news verified by debunking platforms on social networks / Vacunas y desinformación: un análisis de contenidos sobre fake news verificadas por las plataformas de debunking en las redes sociales

O impacto das fake news chegou à área da saúde e a desconfiança em relação às vacinas trouxe de volta doenças até então erradicadas. Mas como os discursos antivacinasão construídos nas redes sociais? Neste trabalho, 80fake news com foco nas vacinas foram coletadas de sites brasileiros que realizam debunking, uma estratégia de detecção e desmascaramento de desinformação e fake news. A partir da aplicação de um protocolo analítico, mapeamos as principais características presentes na elaboração dessas publicações. A análise de conteúdo revelou que o Facebook e o WhatsApp são as redes preferidas para esse tipo de compartilhamento. Cerca de 59% dos conteúdos são totalmente falsos e a maioria dos discursos destaca possíveis riscos das vacinas como estratégias de convencimento. As fontes mais referenciadas são supostamente médicos e cientistas, para criar confiabilidade. O levantamento aponta ainda que 60% das publicações apresentaram erros gramaticais e ortográficos na elaboração dos textos

The impact of fake news reached the health area and distrust in relation to vaccines brought back diseases that had been eradicated. But how are these anti-vaccine discourses constructed in social medias? In this paper, 80 fake news stories focusing on vaccines were collected through Brazilian websites that perform debunking, a strategy for detecting and unmasking misinformation and fake news. From the application of an analytical protocol, the main characteristics present in the elaboration of these publications were mapped. Content analysis revealed that Facebook and WhatsApp are the preferred medias for this type of sharing. About 59% of the contents are totally false and most of the speeches highlight the risks of vaccines as a convincing strategy. The most referenced sources are supposedly doctors and scientists to create re-liability. The survey also points out that 60% of publications have grammatical and spelling errors in the preparation of texts

El impacto de las fake news llegó al área de la salud y la desconfianza en las vacunas trajo de vuelta enfermedades erradicadas. Pero, ¿cómo se construyen los discursos antivacunas en las redes sociales? En este trabajo, se recopilaron 80 noticias falsas centradas en vacunas a través de sitios web brasileños que realizan debunking, una estrategia para detectar y desenmascarar información errónea y noticias falsas. A partir de la aplicación de un protocolo analítico, mapeamos las principales características presentes en la elaboración de estas publicaciones. El análisis de contenido reveló que Facebook y WhatsApp son las redes preferidas para este tipo de intercambio. Alrededor del 59% del contenido es completamente falso y la mayoría destaca los posibles riesgos de las vacunas como estrategias convincentes. Las fuentes más referenciadas son supuestamente médicos y científicos para crear confiabilidad. La encuesta señala que el 60% de las publicaciones tenían errores gramaticales y ortográficos

Responses to a COVID-19 vaccination intervention: Qualitative analysis of 17K unsolicited SMS replies.

The development of effective interventions for COVID-19 vaccination has proven challenging given the unique and evolving determinants of that behavior. A tailored intervention to drive vaccination uptake through machine learning-enabled personalization of behavior change messages unexpectedly yielded a high volume of real-time short message service (SMS) feedback from recipients. A qualitative analysis of those replies contributes to a better understanding of the barriers to COVID-19 vaccination and demographic variations in determinants, supporting design improvements for vaccination interventions. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine unsolicited replies to a text message intervention for COVID-19 vaccination to understand the types of barriers experienced and any relationships between recipient demographics, intervention content, and reply type. METHOD: We categorized SMS replies into 22 overall themes. Interrater agreement was very good (all κpooled > 0.62). Chi-square analyses were used to understand demographic variations in reply types and which messaging types were most related to reply types. RESULTS: In total, 10,948 people receiving intervention text messages sent 17,090 replies. Most frequent reply types were "already vaccinated" (31.1%), attempts to unsubscribe (25.4%), and "will not get vaccinated" (12.7%). Within "already vaccinated" and "will not get vaccinated" replies, significant differences were observed in the demographics of those replying against expected base rates, all p > .001. Of those stating they would not vaccinate, 34% of the replies involved mis-/disinformation, suggesting that a determinant of vaccination involves nonvalidated COVID-19 beliefs. CONCLUSIONS: Insights from unsolicited replies can enhance our ability to identify appropriate intervention techniques to influence COVID-19 vaccination behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

How to Respond to Misinformation From the Anti-Vaccine Movement.

Vaccines are doubtlessly one of the most crucial life-saving medical interventions to date. However, perplexingly, they court more public controversy than their objectively excellent safety profile warrants. While doubts about the safety of vaccines, as well as opposition to vaccine policies, can be traced back at least to the mid-19th century, the modern anti-vaccine movement has come in 3 distinct waves, or generations, each precipitating around distinct key events. Here, we describe the first 2 generations and trace the origins of an emerging third generation anti-vaccine movement. Currently, this third generation is an integral part of the larger anti-COVID movement and in this more libertarian environment propagates the idea of individualism superseding the responsibility for community health. We highlight the need for a better science education of the young, as well as the general public to further enhance overall science literacy and suggests strategies to achieve these goals.

The emergence and persistence of the anti-vaccination movement.

Vaccine hesitancy is a significant threat to public health and the anti-vaccination movement has played a significant role in communicable disease outbreaks. This commentary discusses the history and tactics of vaccine denialists and anti-vaccination groups. Anti-vaccination rhetoric is robust on social media platforms, and vaccine hesitancy has proven to impede the uptake of both established and new vaccines. Effective counter-messaging is needed to preemptively discredit vaccine denialists and reduce their influence on vaccine uptake. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Social Media and Vaccine Hesitancy: Help Us Move the Needle.

With more than 75% of parents and pediatric caregivers getting their health-related information online, reaching families on social media is a powerful way to leverage the trust built in the examination room to address vaccine hesitancy. This article first reviews the ways the antivaccine movement has leveraged social media to expand its considerable influence, and why social media companies have failed to reduce antivaccine misinformation and disinformation. Next, it reviews the barriers to adoption of social media-based communication by pediatric health-care providers and concludes with action-oriented items to increase the adoption of this powerful tool.

Propuesta de diagnóstico de enfermería: riesgo de negativa a la vacunación / Nursing diagnosis proposal: risk of vaccination refusal

Introducción: La vacunación es, en la actualidad, la mejor herramienta para la prevención de enfermedades en salud pública, evitándose, gracias a la misma, alrededor de entre 2 y 3 millones de defunciones anualmente. No obstante, los movimientos antivacunas y su crecimiento ponen en riesgo la salud de la comunidad, siendo Enfermería una de las piezas más importantes en la lucha frente a estos movimientos y a la desinformación.Objetivo: Elaborar una propuesta de diagnóstico enfermero que registre la susceptibilidad de aparición del rechazo a la vacunación.Metodología: Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda bibliográfica en diferentes bases de datos (LILACS, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Cochrane y Scopus) para sustentar la propuesta de diagnóstico en la evidencia científica más reciente y con el más alto nivel de calidad.Resultados: Se propone la creación del diagnóstico “Riesgo de negativa a la vacunación”, cuya definición es “susceptible de rechazar la inmunización frente a enfermedades transmisibles y/o mortales, poniendo en riesgo la salud del usuario y la salud pública”.Discusión: Dentro de la Taxonomía II, este diagnóstico quedaría enmarcado en el Dominio 11, seguridad/protección, y a la clase 5, procesos defensivos.Conclusiones: Al no existir un diagnóstico de Enfermería relacionado con la vacunación, proceso en el que las enfermeras desempeñan un papel activo, y ante la amenaza que suponen los movimientos antivacunas, el diagnóstico Riesgo de negativa a la vacunación supone un importante avance en el cuerpo de conocimientos enfermero. (AU)

Introduction: Vaccination is, nowadays, the best tool for the prevention of diseases in public health, avoiding, thanks to it, around 2 to 3 million deaths annually. However, anti-vaccine movements and their growth put public health at risk, being Nursing one of the most important pieces in the fight against these groups and misinformation. Objective: To elaborate a diagnosis proposal that registers the susceptibility to the appearance of vaccination refusal. Methodology: A bibliographic search was carried out in different databases (LILACS, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Cochrane and Scopus) to support the creation of the diagnosis on the most recent scientific evidence and with the highest level of quality. Results: We propose the creation of the diagnosis "Risk of refusal of vaccination", whose definition is "susceptible to refuse immunization against communicable and/or fatal diseases, putting the user's health and public health at risk". Discussion: within Taxonomy II, is included in Domain 11, safety/protection, and in class 5, defensive processes. Conclusions: In the absence of a Nursing diagnosis related to vaccination, a process in which nurses play an active role, and in the face of the threat posed by anti-vaccine movements, the diagnosis Risk of refusal of vaccination represents an important advance in the body of nursing knowledge. (AU)

On Antiscience and Antisemitism.

Recent surges in antivaccine activism and other antiscience trends now converge with rising antisemitism. During the COVID-19 pandemic, authoritarian elements from the far right in North America and Europe often invoked Nazi imagery to describe vaccinations or at times even blame the Jewish people for COVID-19 origins and vaccine profiteering. Such tropes represent throwbacks to the 14th century, when European Jews were persecuted during the time of the bubonic plague. This article provides both historical and recent perspectives on the links between antiscience and antisemitism, together with the author's personal experience as a Jewish vaccine scientist targeted by both dark forces. New approaches to uncoupling antisemitism from antiscience, while combating both, are essential for saving lives and preserving democratic values.

Influence of online opinions and interactions on the Covid-19 vaccination in Chile.

We analyze 6 months of Twitter conversations related to the Chilean Covid-19 vaccination process, in order to understand the online forces that argue for or against it and suggest effective digital communication strategies. Using AI, we classify accounts into four categories that emerge from the data as a result of the type of language used. This classification naturally distinguishes pro- and anti-vaccine activists from moderates that promote or inhibit vaccination in discussions, which also play a key role that should be addressed by public policies. We find that all categories display relatively constant opinions, but that the number of tweeting accounts grows in each category during controversial periods. We also find that accounts disfavoring vaccination tend to appear in the periphery of the interaction network, which is consistent with Chile's high immunization levels. However, these are more active in addressing those favoring vaccination than vice-versa, revealing a potential communication problem even in a society where the antivaccine movement has no central role. Our results highlight the importance of social network analysis to understand public discussions and suggest online interventions that can help achieve successful immunization campaigns.

Guidelines for Dialogue: Denialist theories about COVID-19 and vaccines

The series Guidelines for Dialogue on COVID-19 Vaccination includes nine booklets in question-and-answer format for health personnel and vaccination teams fighting the disease on the front line, as well as for journalists and communicators in charge of the second essential front, that of information. The objective is to provide them with a simple, didactic and effective argument that facilitates the work of raising awareness of the importance of vaccines and simplifies the work of accompanying citizens in the process of making responsible decisions about health. To this end, these materials cover different topics, doubts and controversies about COVID-19, providing answers based on the most recent scientific evidence, in clear and accessible language, for use in health centers and in community vaccination campaigns. PAHO thus wishes to contribute to the effort that the Region of the Americas has undertaken against misinformation and the minority but counterproductive denialist theories that have become established in our societies and that, especially through the different forms of vaccine refusal, hinder the eradication of this pandemic. This guide presents scientific evidence on COVID-19 that dismantles the main rumors and conspiracy theories that hinder the work of health personnel in extending vaccination among the population. It also provides links to official sites where the above-mentioned data can be consulted.

Os efeitos da pandemia de covid-19 no discurso antivacinação infantil no Facebook / The effects of covid-19 pandemic on children's antivaccination discourse in Facebook / Los efectos de la pandemia de covid-19 sobre el discurso antivacunación infantil en Facebook

Este trabalho pretende analisar como o discurso antivacina sobre a covid-19 impactou o discurso sobre vacinação infantil no contexto da mídia social, a partir das estratégias e narrativas de legitimação construídas. Para isso, realizamos uma análise de mais de 260 mil publicações sobre vacinação infantil no Facebook (Meta) entre os anos de 2019 e 2022, com o objetivo de compreender: quais foram as estratégias discursivas utilizadas para legitimar o discurso antivacina e pró-vacina nesses anos; quais as principais narrativas construídas; e como a pandemia de covid-19 impactou nessa discussão. Os resultados indicam um crescimento e uma polarização do debate sobre vacinação infantil na mídia social, com a circulação de discursos desinformativos e conspiratórios. No contexto da pandemia, observamos que o discurso antivacina saiu da vacinação infantil contra a covid-19 e se espalhou para o debate sobre a vacinação infantil para outras doenças. Essas mudanças têm um impacto no discurso pró-vacina que se modifica para tentar responder ao movimento antivacinação.

This work intends to analyze how the anti-vaccination discourse on covid-19 impacted the discourse on childhood vaccination in the context of social media, based on the strategies and narratives of legitimation constructed. In order to do this, we carried out an analysis of more than 260 thousand publications about childhood vaccination on Facebook (Meta) between 2019 and 2022, focusing on understanding: what dis-cursive strategies were used to legitimize the anti-vaccine and pro-vaccine discourse during this period; what are the main narratives constructed; and how the covid-19 pandemic impacted this discussion. The results indicate a growth and polarization of the debate about childhood vaccination on social media, with the circulation of misinformative and conspiratorial discourses. In the context of the pandemic, we noted that the anti-vaccine discourse spread from childhood vaccination against covid-19 and started a debate on childhood vaccination for other diseases. These changes have an impact on the pro-vaccine discourse, that changes itself to try to respond to the anti-vaccination movement.

Este trabajo pretende analizar cómo el discurso antivacunas sobre la covid-19 impactó en el discurso sobre la vacunación infantil en el contexto de las redes sociales, a partir de las estrategias y narrativas de legiti-mación construidas. Para ello, realizamos un análisis de más de 260 mil publicaciones sobre vacunación infantil en Facebook (Meta) entre 2019 y 2022, con los objetivos de comprender qué estrategias discursivas se utilizaron para legitimar el discurso antivacunas y provacunas sobre los años; cuáles fueron las prin-cipales narrativas construidas; y cómo la pandemia de covid-19 impactó esta discusión. Los resultados indican un crecimiento y una polarización del debate sobre la vacunación infantil en las redes sociales, con la circulación de discursos desinformativos y conspirativos. En el contexto de la pandemia, observamos que el discurso antivacunas dejó la vacunación infantil contra el covid-19 y se extendió al debate sobre la vacunación infantil para otras enfermedades. Estos cambios tienen un impacto en el discurso provacunas, que cambia para responder al movimiento antivacunación.

Hesitant and anti-vaccination groups: A qualitative study on their perceptions and attitudes regarding vaccinations and their reluctance to participate in academic research- an example during a measles outbreak among a group of Jewish parents in Israel.

Background: Vaccination is widespread in Western countries and, overall, there is a high vaccination rate. However, immunization is still an enduring challenge. In recent years, the number of parents who choose to delay or refuse vaccines has risen. Objectives: (1) to identify the perceptions and attitudes of hesitant and anti-vaccination parents regarding vaccination in general, and vaccinating their children in particular and; (2) to describe the responses of potential participants to the request to participate in academic research regarding their perceptions and attitudes on the subject of vaccines. Methods: The research employs the qualitative hermeneutic phenomenological method using two research tools: (1) in-depth interviews with 7 hesitant and 11 anti-vaccination Jewish parents in Israel; and (2) the researchers' field notes from this study process, which describe the responses of 32 potential participants to the request to participate in this academic research. Results: The main findings indicate that while most of the interviewees admit to the efficacy of vaccines in preventing diseases, they oppose the way in which vaccines are promoted-based on providing partial information and disregarding parents' concerns and questions. Therefore, they demand transparency about the efficacy and safety of vaccines. The findings also point to a paradoxical finding. On the one hand, these groups claim that health organizations do not understand their position, referring to them as "science-deniers", even though they are not. On the other hand, these parents choose to refrain from participating in scientific studies and voicing their opinions, thereby perpetuating the situation of being misunderstood. Conclusion: Hesitant and anti-vaccination groups express mistrust in academic institutions and health organizations. Therefore, an effective dialogue that would include hesitant and anti-vaccination groups, the academy, and health organizations may contribute to a better understanding of the barriers that prevent these groups from getting vaccinated or vaccinating their children and promote public health.

Teorías negacionistas sobre la COVID-19 y las vacunas

La serie Guías para el diálogo sobre la vacunación contra la COVID-19 comprende nueve folletos en formato pregunta-respuesta destinados tanto al personal de salud y a los equipos de vacunación que combaten la enfermedad en primera línea como a los periodistas y comunicadores a cargo de ese segundo frente esencial que es el de la información. El objetivo es proporcionarles un argumentario sencillo, didáctico y eficaz que facilite la labor de sensibilización sobre la importancia de las vacunas y simplifique el trabajo de acompañamiento a la ciudadanía en el proceso de toma de decisiones responsables sobre la salud. Para ello, estos materiales recorren diferentes temáticas, dudas y controversias sobre la COVID-19, aportando respuestas basadas en la evidencia científica más reciente, en un lenguaje claro y accesible, para su utilización en los centros de salud y en las campañas de vacunación en las comunidades. La OPS quiere contribuir así al esfuerzo que la Región de las Américas ha emprendido contra la desinformación y las teorías negacionistas, minoritarias pero contraproducentes, que se han instalado en nuestras sociedades y que, sobre todo a través de las diferentes formas de rechazo a las vacunas, dificultan la erradicación de esta pandemia. Esta guía presenta evidencia científica sobre la COVID-19 que desmonta los principales rumores y teorías conspirativas que entorpecen la labor del personal de salud a la hora de extender la vacunación entre la población. Además, aporta enlaces a sitios oficiales en los que se pueden consultar los datos mencionados.

Resistencia de la población hacia la vacunación en época de epidemias: a propósito de la COVID-19

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. El presente artículo busca exponer los hallazgos de una revisión de la literatura sobre la resistencia de la población frente a las vacunas y las principales razones que han influido en sus decisiones hacia a la inmunoprevención, con foco en la pandemia de la COVID-19. Métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda en la literatura utilizando los términos DeCs/MeSH, Anti-Vaccination Movement, Vaccination refusal, Epidemics, COVID-19, Impacts on health, relacionados entre ellos por los operadores booleanos OR y AND en Google Scholar, Medline, Lilacs e Ibecs; también se tuvieron en cuenta documentos de fuentes oficiales. Resultados. A lo largo de la historia, desde el inicio de la vacunación, la percepción de las personas hacia este procedimiento ha sido controversial, hay quienes aceptan lo que las autoridades sanitarias recomiendan y quienes alegan intenciones ocultas detrás de la inmunización; la vacuna contra el SARS-CoV-2 causante de la COVID-19 no ha sido la excepción. Conclusiones. La vacunación ha sido uno de los mayores logros científicos en términos de salud pública, un avance que, a pesar de sus beneficios, ha causado miedo, incertidumbre y suspicacias en la población. Por esta razón, resulta importante incrementar las acciones de educación para la salud en la población, con infor- mación clara, concisa y comprensible, y sustentada en fuentes confiables y verídicas, con el fin de disminuir la resistencia a la vacunación y evitar las enfermedades prevenibles.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. This article presents the findings of a review of the literature on public resistance to vaccines and the main factors that have influenced their decisions about immunoprevention, with a focus on the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. We searched the literature using the terms DeCs/MeSH, anti-vaccination movement, vaccination refusal, epidemics, COVID-19, and impacts on health, using the Boolean operators OR and AND in Google Scholar, Medline, Lilacs, and Ibecs. Documents from official sources were also considered. Results. Throughout history, since vaccination began, people have had controversial perceptions of the pro- cedure: some accept what the health authorities recommend, and others allege hidden intentions behind immunization. The COVID-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 has been no exception. Conclusions. Vaccination has been one of the greatest scientific achievements in public health. However, despite its benefits, it has raised fear, uncertainty, and suspicion in the population. For this reason, it is import- ant to increase health education actions in the population—with clear, concise, understandable information that is based on reliable and truthful sources—in order to reduce resistance to vaccination and address pre- ventable diseases.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Este artigo busca apresentar os achados de uma revisão da literatura sobre a resistência da popu- lação às vacinas e os principais motivos que influenciaram suas decisões em relação à imunoprevenção, com foco na pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos. Foi realizada uma busca na literatura utilizando os termos DeCs/MeSH anti-vaccination movement, vaccination refusal, epidemics, COVID-19 e impacts on health, relacionados entre si pelos operadores bool- eanos OR e AND, no Google Scholar, MEDLINE, LILACS e IBECS. Documentos de fontes oficiais também foram levados em consideração. Resultados. Ao longo da história, desde o início da vacinação, a percepção das pessoas em relação a esse procedimento foi controversa. Há quem aceite o que as autoridades de saúde recomendam e quem alegue intenções ocultas por trás da imunização. A vacina contra o SARS-CoV-2, que causa a COVID-19, não foi exceção. Conclusões. A vacinação tem sido uma das maiores conquistas científicas em termos de saúde pública um avanço que, apesar de seus benefícios, tem causado medo, incerteza e desconfiança na população. Por isso, é importante aumentar as ações de educação em saúde para a população, com informações claras, concisas e compreensíveis, baseadas em fontes confiáveis e verídicas, a fim de diminuir a resistência à vacinação e evitar doenças preveníveis.

An Epidemic Model with Pro and Anti-vaccine Groups.

Here, an epidemiological model considering pro and anti-vaccination groups is proposed and analyzed. In this model, susceptible individuals can migrate between these two groups due to the influence of false and true news about safety and efficacy of vaccines. From this model, written as a set of three ordinary differential equations, analytical expressions for the disease-free steady state, the endemic steady state, and the basic reproduction number are derived. It is analytically shown that low vaccination rate and no influx to the pro-vaccination group have similar impacts on the long-term amount of infected individuals. Numerical simulations are performed with parameter values of the COVID-19 pandemic to illustrate the analytical results. The possible relevance of this work is discussed from a public health perspective.

Narrativas antivacinas e a crise de confiança em algumas instituições / Anti-vaccine narratives and the crisis of trust in some institutions / Narrativas antivacunas y crisis de confianza en algunas instituciones

As narrativas antivacinas vêm ganhando força ao redor do mundo e têm sido foco de preocupação de autoridades de saúde nacionais e internacionais. Este artigo tem como objetivo principal analisar as narrativas postadas em dois grupos antivacinas no Facebook publicadas em 2020, quando o mundo iniciava o enfrentamento da pandemia de covid-19. A estratégia metodológica utilizada para alcançar o objetivo e ancorar as análises é o Mapa das Mediações, de Martín-Barbero. Os resultados revelam, entre outros pontos, que as narrativas antivacinas estão, em grande parte, relacionadas com uma desconfiança em duas instituições: a ciência e o Estado. Isso permite o desdobramento de novos estudos focados no desenvolvimento de políticas públicas para o combate à desinformação sobre a saúde nos meios de comunicação.

Anti-vaccine narratives have been gaining strength around the world and have been a focus of concern of national and international health authorities. This article has as main objective to analyze the narratives posted in two anti-vaccine groups on Facebook, published in 2020, when the world was starting the fighting against the covid-19 pandemic. The methodological strategy to achieve the objective and anchor the analyzes is the Map of Mediations, produced by Martín-Barbero. The results reveal, among other points, that the antivaccine narratives are connected with a distrust in two institutions: the science and the State, allowing the development of new studies focused on public policies to combat misinformation about health in the media.

Las narrativas contra las vacunas están ganando fuerza en todo el mundo y están siendo un foco de preocupación para las autoridades sanitarias nacionales e internacionales. Este artículo tiene como objetivo principal analizar las narrativas publicadas en dos grupos antivacunas en Facebook, en 2020, cuando el mundo empezó a luchar contra la pandemia de covid-19. La estrategia metodológica utilizada para lograr el objetivo y realizar los análisis es el Mapa de las mediaciones, evidenciado por Martín-Barbero. Los resultados revelan, entre otros puntos, que las narrativas antivacuna están conectadas con la desconfianza en dos instituciones: la ciencia y el Estado, lo que permite el desarrollo de nuevos estudios enfocados en políticas públicas para combatir la desinformación sobre salud en los medios de comunicación.

El pensamiento antivacuna de Alfredo Helsby Hazell: controversias y debates a fines del siglo XIX e inicios del siglo XX en Chile / Alfredo Helsby Hazell's antivaccine view: controversies and debates at the end of the XIX century and the beginning of the XX century in Chile

Resumen El objetivo central de este artículo, es reconstruir los principales argumentos contrarios a la vacunación que circularon en Chile durante fines del siglo XIX e inicios del siglo XX. Para ello, estudiaremos la figura de Alfredo Helsby Hazell, quien fue el principal opositor que tuvo la vacuna en Chile y publicó diversos escritos en los que desarrolló y difundió sus ideas. A través de éstos, observamos que Helsby argumentó su rechazo a la vacunación a partir de la defensa del higienismo y de la desconfianza respecto de las explicaciones de carácter científico que se comenzaron a difundir a partir de la teoría de los gérmenes. Ello se articuló con la defensa de la salud como un ámbito privado de acción, criticando la intervención del Estado en dichas materias.

Abstract This article reconstructs the main arguments against vaccination that circulated in Chile during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. For this purpose, we will study the figure of Alfredo Helsby Hazell, who was the primary opponent of vaccination in Chile and published several writings in which he developed and disseminated his ideas. We observe that Helsby argued his rejection of vaccination from the defence of hygienism and distrust of the scientific explanations that began to spread from the germ theory. This was articulated with the defence of health as a private sphere of action, criticizing the intervention of the State in such matters.